Parma
From EpiMedDat
In Parma, a total of 17 epidemic events are known so far. It is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. The coordinates are 44° 48' 5.30" N, 10° 19' 40.80" E.
Map of Parma
Table
| Disease | DateStart date of the disease. | SummarySummary of the disease event | OriginalOriginal text | TranslationEnglish translation of the text | ReferenceReference(s) to literature | Reference translationReference(s) to the translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1247-00-00-Parma | 1247 JL | Epidemic with many deaths in Parma. | Item eodem tempore magna mortalitas fuit in civitate Parme, ita quod sepe et sepius quatuor et plures sepeliebantur ad unam ecclesiam. | Also, at the same time (1247), there was a great mortality in the city of Parma, so that often and repeatedly four or more were buried at one church. | Bonazzi 1902, p. 17. | Translation by Thomas Wozniak |
| 1248-00-00-Parma | 1248 JL | There was a great mortality in Parma. | Et mortalitas valida fuit | And there was a strong mortality | Salimbene De Adam 1966, p. 464 | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1285-00-00-Parma | 1285 JL | Epidemics near Parma and Rome with many deaths. | De magna mortalitate hominum que in diversis partibus mundi fuit. Item, millesimo supraposito, in villa Pupilii, que est in episcopatu Parmensi, infra tres menses LXXX homines mortui sunt. Nam ista est regula generalis sive argumentum probatum, ut quotiens boum precedit mortalitas, totiens sequenti anno hominum mortalitas subsequatur. Et eodem millesimo in urbe Romana maxima fuit mortalitas et infirmitas, ita ut mitrati inter abbates et episcopos a Pascha usque ad Assumptionem beate Virginis sub papa Honorio quarto XXIIII morerentur. | About the great mortality of men which occurred in various parts of the world. Likewise, in the aforementioned year, in the village of Pupilii, which is in the diocese of Parma, within three months, eighty men died. For this is a general rule or proven argument, that as often as there is a mortality among cattle, so often in the following year there follows a mortality among men. And in the same year, there was a great mortality and sickness in the city of Rome, so that between Easter and the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, twenty-four mitred abbots and bishops died under Pope Honorius IV. | Salimbene De Adam 1966, p. 849 | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1286-00-00-Cremona | 1286 JL | In Cremona, Piacenza, Parma and other regions: high mortality in humans and chickens. Epidemic with deaths in Italy and Lombardy. | 1286 - Nam in Cremona et in Placencia et in Parma et in Regio et in multis aliis Italie civitatibus et dyocesibus fuit mortalitas maxima tam hominum quam gallinarum. | For in Cremona, and in Piacenza, and in Parma, and in Reggio, and in many other cities and dioceses of Italy, there was the greatest mortality, both of humans and of chickens. | Salimbene De Adam 1966, p. 894. | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1286-00-00-Parma | 1286 JL | Drought from March to May in Parma; epidemic among animals and humans; low grain price from July onwards. | Item eo anno fuit magna mortalitas hominum et bestiarum in civitate et episcopatu Parme, et maxime de bestiis menutis; et non pluvit quasi per totum mensem martij et usque ad medium maij, propter quod homines multum timebant; et eodem anno non fuit nix neque frigus aliquod in civitate vel episcopatu Parme. Et eo anno, scilicet post sanctum Petrum, starium furmenti valuit iiij solidos imperiales | In that year, there was a great mortality of men and animals in the city and diocese of Parma, especially among small animals; and it did not rain for almost the entire month of March and until the middle of May, because of which the people were very afraid; and in the same year there was neither snow nor any cold in the city or diocese of Parma. And in that year, namely after the feast of Saint Peter, a bushel of wheat cost 4 imperial shillings. | Template:Bonazzi 1902, p. 51. | Translation by ChatGPT-3.5 |
| 1312-06-00-Parma | June 1312 JL | Severe epidemic in Parma and also in complete Lombardy with many deaths, mainly men, but also heat; poor people mow wild grass and sell it. | De mense junij, julij et augusti magna mortalitas fuit in civitate Parme, et etiam per Lombardiam, hominum, et pauci qui infirmabantur, liberabantur, et infra octo vel novem dies moriebantur, ita quod prohibitum fuit mortuos cridari per commune Parme per civitatem, sicut antea moris erat; et hoc evenit magis in civitate Parme quam in episcopatu, et magis in masculis quam in feminis; et multi infirmi fuerunt. Et eo tempore maximus calor fuit, et per multos burgos civitatis et stratas erbe selvatice et pabulum nascebatur sic et in campaneis, it quod ribaldi metebant pabulum et erbam que dicitur zovenzonum per burgos et stratas civitatis et portabant eam ad vendendum. | Bonazzi 1902, p. 125 | Translation needed | |
| 1321-08-00-Parma | August 1321 JL | Great cattle mortality in Parma, surrounding areas and all of Lombardy. | Gran mortalità di bovi e bestie bovine ne l'episcopato di Parma masime al piano e per tutta Lombardia. | Great mortality of bovines and cattle in the episcopate of Parma maxime on the plain and throughout Lombardy. | Bonazzi 1902, Sp. 164. | Translation by DeepL |
| 1332-06-04-Parma | 4 June 1332 JL | Heavy thunderstorm causes lightning damage in Parma; citizens are hit; fields and vineyards also devastated | Die 4 giugno giobia circa vespero, arduo tempo, venti grandi e contrarij con troni e lampegij, piogia e tempesta insieme in Parma, e la saetta celeste percosi ne la tore comune dove già ancora percosi, e dirupe una parte ex merlis dicte turis et in volta fenestre, et funem seu catenellam eneam, que erat ad tintinella, usque ad fenestras domus potestatis; et plures homines qui erant in platea ivi justa portam domus potestatis ceciderunt in terram tacti timore sagitte, et quasi mortui fuerunt portati ad domos suas, et steterunt ita exteriti tota ipse die; et tempestas valde grande damnum fecit in civitate et circa forte per unum miliarium in blavas et vineas. | Bonazzi 1902, Sp. 219 | Translation needed | |
| 1347-11-00-Italy | November 1347 JL | Arrival of the Black Death in Genoa and spread across Italy; but Parma and Milan remain almost untouched | Nelle parti oltra mora per più sei mesi fu grandissima pestilenza, la quale dalle galee de' Genovesi fu portata in Italia; e furono a Genova ricevute del mese di Novembre le prefate galee, sulle quali, prima che arivassero a Genova, era morta di questa mala influenza la maggior parte di coloro, che vi erano sopra: il rimanente morì quasi subito che furono in Porto e patria loro, questa infermità si allargò nella Citta, & infiniti ne morivano il giorno, & in breve per ogni Città di Lombardia, di Toscana, della Marca, della Puglia, e per ogni terra d'Italia si estese. E fu grandissima due anni continui, per la quale molte Città d'Italia furono distrutte; e sole Parma, e Milano pochissimo ne senterono; ma si sparse oltra monti, in Provenza, in Francia, in Aragona, in Spagna, in Anglia, in Alemagna, in Boemia, in Ungheria. | In the parts beyond the sea, for more than six months, there was a great pestilence, which was brought to Italy by the Genoese galleys; and in November, the aforementioned galleys were received in Genoa, on which, before they arrived in Genoa, the majority of those on board had died from this bad influence: the rest died almost immediately upon reaching their port and homeland. This disease spread in the city, and countless people died each day, and soon it extended to every city in Lombardy, Tuscany, the Marches, Apulia, and throughout all of Italy. It was exceedingly severe for two continuous years, during which many cities in Italy were destroyed; only Parma and Milan felt it very little; but it spread beyond the mountains, into Provence, France, Aragon, Spain, England, Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary | Giovanni di Cornazano 1728, col. 746 | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1347-11-00-Italy1 | November 1347 JL | Societal consequences of the Black Death across Italy | anzi tutto il Mondo sì Cristiani, com Infedeli ne furono infetti, e furono da servi, da' Medici, da' Notari, da' Preti, e Frati, abbandonati gl' Infermi, tal che non erano serviti nè curati, nè potevano testare, nè confessi o contriti assoluti morire i miseri Apestati. La cagione di ciò era, che subito che s'apressavano a gl'Infermi, cadevano in cotale disavventurata peste, e morivano per lo più di subito, tanto che molti insepolti restavano, e l'uno, e l'altro abbandonato laiciava, nè conoscevasi che Padre avesse Figluoli, nè Moglie Marito, nè Amico compagno, e quantunque molti ricchi morissero, non erano allora pronti gli heredi a cercare i posessi dell facultadi; anzi senza prezzo era tutta la richezza tenuta; nè più si conosceva gli avari avere l'oro più che la vita caro. Cosa horribile a vedere, che gli huomini abbandonando gli huomini, gli odi, le invidie, le lascive, le facoltà, l'amore terreno, tutti volti in timore d'horrida e spaventevole morte. | The whole world, both Christians and infidels, were infected, and the sick were abandoned by servants, doctors, notaries, priests, and friars, so that they were neither served nor cared for, nor could they make a will, nor die confessed or absolved, the miserable plague victims. The reason for this was that as soon as they approached the sick, they fell into such unfortunate pestilence and died almost immediately, so that many remained unburied, and one and the other abandoned each other, and it was not known that a father had children, nor a wife a husband, nor a friend a companion. And although many rich people died, the heirs were not then ready to seek their possessions; rather, all wealth was held without value, and it was no longer known that the avaricious held gold dearer than life. It was horrible to see that humans, abandoning humans, hatreds, envies, lusts, possessions, and earthly love, all turned to fear of a horrible and frightening death | Giovanni di Cornazano 1728, col. 746 | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1349-05-00-Parma | May 1349 JL | A friend of Francesco Petraca, Paganino da Bizzozzero and his his entire family died because of the plague in Parma | Et hic quidem - quod sine multis lacriminis non dico et cum pluribus dicerem nisi precedentibus malis exhaustos hosce oculos atque omnes, sique sunt, lacrimarum reliquias instantibus reservarem - hic, inquam, pestilenti morbo qui nunc orbem populatur, repente correptus, ad vesperam postquam cenam cum amicis, et quod occidui temporis restabat in nostro tantum sermone et amicitie rerumque nostrarum commemoratione consumpserat, noctem illam inrapida morte subtractus est. Ac nequid de funesta consuetudine laxaretur, triduo inexpleto illum filii omnisque familia consecuti sunt. | And this one now - what I cannot say without many tears (and would say among several, if I did not want to save my eyes exhausted in misfortune and all remaining tears, if there are any, for what is to come), he has, I say, been taken away quite suddenly by the plague, which is just now depopulating the whole earth, and that after he had dined with friends towards evening and then spent the remaining evening hours in conversation with me alone and in the thought of our friendship and our affairs. He endured the following night in extreme pain, but with unflinching courage, and in the morning a sudden death snatched him from us. And so that nothing of the usual course of the disease would be left to us, his sons, indeed his entire family, followed him in less than three days. | Template:Francesco Petrarca, Le Familiari VI-X, p. 1140 | None |
| 1361-00-00-Milano1 | 1361 JL | Outbreak of the Pestis secunda in Milan and surroundings, but also in Brescia, Cremona, Parma and in Lombardy in general. | Anno autem proxime preterito, estivo tempore, cepit morbus in Mediolano et comitatu invalescere et in tantum Invaluit quod, pretermlssis, ut superìus est dictum, omnibus remediis in civitate Mediolani et suburbiis, brevi tempore mortui sunt lxxvii milia virorum et in comitatu tanti, quod numerus ipsorum non posset describi, propter que multe terre in comitatu ut plurimura vacue sunt dimisse, cuius rei causa Domini Mediolani de ipsa civitate cum universis familiis de civitate ipsa Mediolani' recesserunt ad eorum castra divertendo et eciam civitibus. In quibus civitatibus etiam prefati domini Bernabois infiniti propter morbum perierunt, videlicet in Brixia, Cremona, Parma et in aliis universis terris suis Lumbardie ; cuius rei causa homines depauperati sunt dictorum locorum, non tamen in tantum quantum sunt alii civitatum premissarum domini Galeaz, qui propter descripta deducti sunt ad finem et alia. | In the previous year, during the summer, the disease began to spread and intensify in Milan and its hinterland to such an extent that, despite all remedies being applied, as mentioned earlier, 77,000 men died in the city of Milan and its suburbs in a short time. In the surroundings, so many died that their number could not be recorded, resulting in many lands in the county being largely abandoned. Because of this, the lords of Milan, along with their entire families, left the city and moved to their castles and towns. Even in these cities, countless people belonging to the Lord Bernabò perished due to the disease, notably in Brescia, Cremona, Parma, and other lands in Lombardy. This caused the people in these places to become impoverished, though not to the same extent as those in the cities under Lord Galeazzo, who were brought to ruin as described | Cognasso 1926-39, pp. 145-146 | Translation by Martin Bauch |
| 1361-00-00-Piemont | 1361 JL | Outbreak of an epidemic, that travels eastwards from Piedmont with many deaths | In lo dicto millesimo fu una grande mortalità in queste parte. Cominzò in Piamunti et per le contrade e dessèse a Millano, e morilli oltra che cento milia christiani. [p. 144] Venne oltre a Parma e llì fu grandissima mortalità; et passò oltra, a Rimino, per tucta la Romagna, com fu a Cesena et a Forlì, et a Faenza, et a Ymola ne fu pocha; et finalmente in ogni parte | In the said thousandth year there was a great mortality in these parts. It began in Piedmont and through the districts and went to Milan, and died more than a hundred thousand Christians. [p. 144] It came beyond Parma and there was a great mortality; and it passed beyond, to Rimini, through the whole of Romagna, as it was in Cesena and Forlì, and Faenza, and in Imola there was little; and finally in every part. | Template:Anonymus 1938b, pp. 143–144 | Translation by DeepL |
| 1388-07-00-Lombardy | July 1388 JL | Great mortality throughout Lombardy, particularly in Milan, Pavia, Verona, Cremona, Parma, Ferrara and also in Venice. Many people fled like the Count of Vertù. | Capitolo XXIV. - Di grande mortalità suta in Lombardia e a Vinegia. Molto grande mortalità fu in quest'anno in tutta Lombardia cominciando del mese di luglio, e moriano di febbri pestilenziose e da posteme velenose e fu molto grande in Milano e in Pavia e in Verona e in Cremona e in Parma e in Ferrara, e quasi in tutte le città lombarde. E 'l Conte di Vertù, per la grande paura ch'avea di morire, andava ora in una terra, ora in un'altra fuggendo la mortalità; e si celatamente andava tramutando luogo che spesse volte avvenia che dov'elli si fosse non si potea sapere; e per la molta gente che vi morirono, molte terre rimasero mezze abbandonate e diserte. Ancora venne la detta mortalità in Vinegia e molti nobili cittadini consumò in quella e molto diminuì di gente quella città; e per questo molti cittadini veniziani si fuggiron quindi e andaron in luoghi istrani, e la maggior parte camparo della detta mortalità; e poi quando tornarono a Vinegia fu grande allegrezza e da tutti i cittadini fu fatta loro e parve loro esser molto ristorati nella città; nondimeno rimase la città con molto minore numero di gente. | Chapter XXIV - Of the great mortality in Lombardy and Venice. This year, from July onwards, there was a very high mortality rate throughout Lombardy. People died of pestilential fevers and poisonous abscesses, and mortality was particularly high in Milan, Pavia, Verona, Cremona, Parma and Ferrara and almost all Lombard towns. The Count of Vertù fled for fear of dying, constantly changing his whereabouts to avoid mortality. His whereabouts were often so secret that nobody knew where he was. Due to the many deaths, many towns were left half-deserted. Mortality also spread to Venice, claiming the lives of many respected citizens and significantly reducing the city's population; as a result, many Venetian citizens fled to other countries, where most survived the epidemic. When they returned to Venice, there was great joy and they were warmly welcomed by all the citizens. Nevertheless, the city was left with far fewer people. | Anonymus: Cronica volgare 1915, p. 72 | Translation by ChatGPT-3.5; Translation by DeepL; |
| 1464-00-00-Soest | 1464 JL | The plague lasted 5 years in Soest | Item eodem anno [1468] umbtrent dey vrijkermisse [8. Sep] do regendt an dach by dage bys to Alle godes hilgen dage, dat yd nu boven twe dage wedder en was, ind dey buwet was, dat men to Alle godes hilgen dage as van gersten, haveren ind wicken, dey do nochtant malk moste meggen, hopen ind ynvoren laten. Eodem anno do stillede sich dat sterven der pestilencie bynnnen Soist, dat wall vijff jare lanck gewart hadde, ummetrent na sunte Mertins misse. | Soest und Duisburg, p. 51. | Translation needed | |
| 1468-00-00-Parma | 1468 JL | After a severe plague in Parma, the doctors were blamed for the deaths and were arrested. | Eodem anno in Lombardia in civitate Parma non parva sed horrida viguit pestis cui nunquam simile audisse, necaudire credo. Nulla caritas, nullus amor in Parmensibus erat, sed omnis inhumanitas & crudelitas in eis regnabat. […] Per urbes subiratores officialium libant, & si pauperum porcos reperiebant illos interficiebant & vendebant. Ex dictarum cranium procinarum comestione magno regnate calido, prout regnabat, mille hominess interfecti perierunt. Cum ergo regnat pestis tanquam mortem porcinis fugite carnes. Cessante epidemia medici, qui pestilentiatis [p. 183] medebantur ab officialibus detenti & incarcerate fuerunt illisque imputabant mille latrocinia & homicidia commissa & pecunias quas cum magno labore & periculo lucrati fuerant eis eripuerunt. | Heinrich Meibom, pp. 182–183. | Translation needed | |
| 1468-00-00-Parma 001 | 1468 JL | Severe plague in Parma. | Grande fu la pestilenza in Parma, e quasi fu abbandonata la Città, nella quale nacque sulla piazza e per le strade l'herba, come in campagna. | Great was the pestilence in Parma, and the city was almost abandoned, in which the herba was born on the square and in the streets, as in the countryside. | Historiae Parmensis fragmenta, col. 752. | Translation by DeepL |
